The Making of “Warm Ice”

- Development of ice controlling technology using pressure -

# Can water freeze at room temperature or even higher temperatures at which ordinary water boils? Formation of so-called “Warm Ice” maybe an unfamiliar phenomenon to the general public and yet can be made possible by controlling the crystallization process in which liquid turns into a solid. In principle, such manipulation could be achieved not only by changing temperature but also pressure. However, the latter requires exerting extreme level of pressure (10,000 times the atmospheric pressure) on water.

 

The Center for Convergence Property Measurement, Frontier in Extreme Physics Team at the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science succeeded in creating room-temperature ice and controlling its growth behaviors by dynamically compressing water up to pressures above 10,000 atmospheres. By systematically varying the compression rates, the research team discovered a sudden morphological crossover from 3-dimensional to 2-dimensional ice. Rigorous investigation unveiled the underlying mechanism of the anomalous growth transition which is manifested in the forms of shape- and growth speed changes of ice. Such high-pressure technology and phenomena can have significant impact on a wide range of practical applications – biology, foods, medical, and aerospace. This technology is significant in that the size, shape, and growth rate of ice can be artificially controlled regardless of the temperature.

 

Ice observed in nature has more than 10,000 crystals including hexagonal plates, columns, and dendrites. Such ice crystals of various forms induce curiosity about nature as well as having significant industrial applications. Especially, controlling ice crystals with pressure rather than temperature can resolve existing problems of ice, so there is great interest in this endeavor.

 

A representative example is foods. When meat is frozen at regular atmospheric pressure, hexagonal plate ice crystals with needle-like corners are created, and cause damages of the cells and tissue. This is why meat from the freezer is less juicy and does not taste as good as unfrozen meat. However, when meat is frozen at high pressure, ice crystals of different shapes that are not sharp in corners are produced, protecting the quality of the meat.

 

Ice formed on airplanes can cause aircraft defects and accidents. On days with snow and at an altitude of 10,000 m, where the temperature falls below 40℃ below zero, ice forms on aircraft wings. When ice crystals are formed abnormally, the wing shape changes, degrading the lift. Thus, control of the growth rate and form of ice crystals greatly affects the safety and operation efficiency of aircraft.

 

KRISS Principal Research Scientists Yun-Hee Lee, Sooheyong Lee, and Geun Woo Lee developed a “real-time dynamic diamond anvil cell” device that can apply pressures up to 5,000,000 times that of atmospheric pressure per second and applied the device to study ice growth under high pressures. As a result, the research team succeeded in compressing water at room temperature to produce high pressure ice and succeeded in transforming 3-dimensional octahedron ice into a 2-dimensional wing shape ice through dynamic pressure control. This technology is an independent technology that can simultaneously measure the pressure, volume, image, and molecular structure of materials by integrating driving control and molecular vibration measurement technologies to the diamond anvil cell, which implements an extremely high-pressure environment.

 

The focus of similar research has conventionally been on the control of temperature and concentration; clear observation of fast crystal growth was not possible due to time delay from inevitable thermal and mass diffusion. On the other hand, pressure allowed for immediate and uniform application and overcoming of existing limitations so that the crystallization process of water molecules can be understood in detail and controlled.

 

KRISS Principal Research Scientist Yun-Hee Lee said, “application of high-pressure freezing technology can lead to new forms of ice crystals and freezing processes to maintain the taste and freshness of foods. Applying this technology to the cold chain system currently used in the logistics of fresh foods is expected to further improve the marketability of foods.”

 

KRISS Principal Research Scientist Geun Woo Lee explained that “this technology can be applied to analyze various crystalline structures; the range of application fields is infinite.” Also, Principal Research Scientist Sooheyong Lee continued, “new material characteristics can be discovered under extreme environments like those of extremely high pressure, so science and technologies that have reached limits can be pushed further towards new dimensions.”

 

Through support from the Ministry of Science and ICT, this research accomplishment was published in the Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences (PNAS, IF 9.661), which is one of the three leading global academic journals.

 

 

 ○ Detailed description of research

 

? Real-time, dynamic-diamond anvil cell

 

▲ A magnified view of the diamond anvil cell to produce dynamic high pressures

 

▲ Observation image of the growth formation change of an ice crystal with increasing pressure rate

 

High-speed actuation technology was combined with the conventional technology (diamond anvil cell) to yield dynamic high pressures by compressing a pair of diamond anvils with the rate of 5,000,000 times atmospheric pressure per second.

 For the first time in the world, this technology enabled the simultaneous measurement of pressure, volume, image, and molecular structure information by integrating interferometer-based driving control technology, high speed video recording technology within microseconds time-resolution, and real-time molecular vibration measurement technology.

 

○ What are its applications?

1. Foods, bio, medical – high pressure refrigeration, high pressure sterilization technologies, etc.

: The hexagonal ice crystal formed at low temperature is an acicular structure that destroys the meat quality or tissues when freezing meat or vegetables, but ice produced at high pressure does not show such characteristics. Also, at high pressure, sterilization is possible, so the quality of products can be maintained and the transformation of proteins using high pressure can contribute to drug development.

 

2. Aerospace field – aircraft icing phenomenon control

: At altitudes of 10,000 m, icing occurs on the wings of aircraft and this abnormal ice crystal growth can lead to changes in the aircraft wing shape, reducing the lift. So, the ice crystal growth rate and shape control are important factors in aircraft safety and operation efficiency.

 

3. Explorations of the deep parts of Earth and lifeforms on alien planets

: Fish that live in ocean depths with high pressure and low temperature such as the Mariana Trench, and organisms that live in extremely cold environments like the tundra, continue to live on without freezing in such extreme environments. For exploration of Mars, an igloo or icehouse was proposed to withstand the radiation and extreme temperatures. Similarly, this research provides a method of predicting the form of water or ice existing in the extreme environments on Earth or alien planets.

 

▲ KRISS Principal Research Scientists Yun-Hee Lee(right) and Geun Woo Lee(left) are adjusting the high-speed camera used to observe the ice growth in real-time.

▲ KRISS Principal Research Scientist Yun-Hee Lee is aligning a laser for measurement of the pressure and molecular vibration within the anvil cell.